Theme Of The Tornado Child - 1090 Words

â€Å"Wickedness†: Examining the Theme of Darkness in Kwame Dawes â€Å"The Tornado Child†, Gwendolyn Brooks â€Å"We Real Cool,† and Ai â€Å"The Kid† American author and poet, Kwame Dawes, in his poem Tornado Child (which was written during the Harlem Renaissance for Rosalie Richardson) writes about the life of an African-American woman (Richardson) who often had to deal with racism and oppression. Gwendolyn Brooks, American writer and poet, wrote the poem â€Å"We Real Cool† (during the 1960’s assassination of the United States President John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr., Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam war and Civil Rights Protest). In this poem, narrator Brooks is setting one of the most dominant attitudes, because she senses a lack of hope in the†¦show more content†¦In Dawes poem â€Å"Tornado Child,† wickedness is examined through freedom. There is an implication of racism based of the first few lines of the poe m. By the end of the first stanza racism is the direct subject. In the first stanza of the poem, Dawes states, â€Å"I am a tornado child. I come like a swirl of black and darken up your day; I whip it all into my womb, lift you and your things, carry you to where youve never been, and maybe, if I feel good, I might bring you back, all warm and scared†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Lines 1-5). The speaker of this poem shows the deficiency of instability in Rosalie’s life. According to Dawes in the first stanza, â€Å"heart humming wild like a bird after early sudden flight†¦ â€Å"(Line 6). The speaker also shows an expression that equates darker language showcasing a deficiency of predictability. Eventually the speaker acknowledges that he needed to take a different approach on telling Rosalie Richardson life story by stating, â€Å"I am a tornado child. I tremble at the elements. When thunder rolls my womb trembles, remembering the tweak of contractions that tightened to a wail when my mother pushed me out into the black of a tornado night†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Lines 7-11). At this point, the speaker shows how Rosalie feels like she not in control and can be pretentious by the elements as divergent to stanza one, which reflected her being in control of her ownShow MoreRelatedWizard of Oz1706 Words   |  7 PagesBaum’s book published in 1900. We have all seen the film as a child and enjoy it equally as adults. It is a film we watch repeatedly to experience the wonders of our imaginations. There are many key elements that have made this film a notorious childhood memory as well as an American classic that we have treasured for generations. How could we forget the magical characters, the music, and the outstanding cinematography? The theme of the film can be summed up simply from one of the many notableRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter Compared to the 21st Century1149 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Darkness cannot drive out darkness, only light can do that. 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The characters, events, setting, symbols and imagery contribute to establishing this theme. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Myrtle Wilson, a woman of ludicrous ostentation, yearns to escape her class to enter the higher ranksRead MoreArchetypes : The Wizard Of Oz1567 Words   |  7 Pagesemotion in all forms of literature. The portrayal of archetypes in The Wizard of Oz teachers the readers about the meaning behind of a literary work, as it helps us to better understand literature as we know how the human mind works, through patterns, themes and situations. Literature takes us to a different, better place and connects to our lives. L. Frank Baum through using character archetypes presents the reader with a superior interpretation of the plot and moral of the story. The archetypes helpRead More A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare1029 Words   |  5 PagesBeing that A Midsummer Night’s Dream is a Shakespearian comedy where passion is a significant theme. 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Lennie gets sad because he wantedRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie Individualism Analysis1302 Words   |  6 Pageslife as well. Some people pride themselves on their individuality, while others spend their lives working to establish a concrete personality and purpose in life. In The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams, individualism is a key component in the themes of the story and portrayal of unique characters. With there being only four characters in the play, each of them have to be vibrant, diverse individuals in order to keep the reader in touch with the story. Each character in thi s play has their ownRead MorePhilosophers and Theorisits in Early Childhood Educatiotn1967 Words   |  8 PagesChildhood Curriculum And Methods Lynn Olson 02 August 2010 With a personal philosophy accumulated from educational philosophers and theorists, and keeping current with research, a preschool teacher can reach a family and teach the young child to be ready for further education and the community. Teaching young children to become productive members of a society goes as far back in history as Aristotle who believed â€Å"children should be taught virtue by the use of repetitive exercises.† (SRead MoreComparing Tekakwitha s Biographers Paint A Completely Pious Life1428 Words   |  6 Pagesbiographers paint her in a completely pious life. She maintained perpetual virginity, renounced any intention of marrying, was adept at acts of self-immolation when repenting, and above all was a quiet and â€Å"behind-the-scenes† kind of woman. â€Å"As a child, the Jesuits relate, Catherine was shy, retiring, and good-natured [†¦] [and this] led her to shun social gatherings† (Greer 32). Apparently, a degree of social introv ersion and slightly abnormal behaviour are important criterion for an individual whoRead MoreEssay about The Theme of Coming of Age in Literature1863 Words   |  8 PagesThe Theme of Coming of Age in Literature There comes a time is each persons life when they reach the point where they are no longer children, but adults. The transition from a child into a young adult is often referred to as the coming of age, or growing up. The time when this transition occurs is different in everyone, since everyone is an individual and no two people are alike. Certain children reach this stage through a tragic, painful event which affects them to such extent that

Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedascity Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2069 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? This study investigates the effect of exchange rate volatility on the stock market in Malaysia, and also determined whether other macroeconomic variables have an effect on stock market volatility. In this study, the Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedascity (EGARCH) model which is created by Nelson (1991) was used to measure the volatility of exchange rate and volatility of stock market. EGARCH model is an extension of widely used model, GARCH. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedascity Finance Essay" essay for you Create order It used monthly time series data for 3 years period between January 2009 until December 2011. The result of this research found that, exchange rate volatility have negatively relationship with stock market returns where, in the long-run, depreciation in currency value will cause an in increase in stock market return. While in the short-run, depreciation in currency value will reduces stock market returns. This study also reveals that, other macroeconomic variables such as interest rate, and inflation also affect stock market volatility. 1.0 Introduction Stock market is the main institution in every country around the world because from the position of the stock market itself, people can measure the efficiency and the effectiveness of the economy in that country. Macroeconomic variables for example, exchange rate, interest rate, inflation rate, capital investment, money supply, and industrial production have been steadily rising due to combination of internal and external factors. Growing inflation will lead pressurize interest rates to rise higher, and this kind of situation may result in investors moving from the equities market to the bonds market to get higher return (CMA,2011). Interest rate, inflation and exchange rate are the most important determinant of countrys relative level of economic performances. Any changes in these factors will give big consequences in economic performances whether in short-run or long-run. Exchange rates play a vital role and it become one of the important economic factor that affect the common stock market (Hyde,2007,Vazz et.al.,2008). Besides that, any change in exchange rates might affect business field. It may causes an increases or decreases in price of product sold abroad and price of imported raw materials also may change. This will lead to the changes in price of competitors product in home market and indirectly, this will affect stock market return. Firms profitability, price stability, and countrys stability also will be affected because of exchange rate volatility since exchange rate volatility have real economic cost (Benita,Lauterbach,2004). Theoretically, the relationship between exchange rate and stock market can be proved positively, negatively, or either a weak or no relation at all. In a positive way, currency depreciation will makes the local firm more competitive which leading to an increase in exportation as a result while in a negative way, if a production is dependent on imported product, cost of production will increase as a result of currency depreciation, thus reduce profitability and this condition lead to a decline in stock returns. Whereas, there is a weak or no relation between exchange rate and stock market if an export oriented firms prices rises with currency depreciation since input cost is also affected by this currency depreciation than the effect would be nullified to some extent because of increases in cost of production. Many researchers have noted that stock market volatility changes over time and these changes is relate to the changes in macroeconomic variables (Officer, 1973). Other macroeconomic variables also can influences investors decision whether to make an investment or not and indirectly, this will affect stock market return whether in the short-run or in the long-run. Arbitrage Pricing Theory (ATP) , developed by Ross (1976), Chen et al (1986) is an example of study about how to capture the effect of economic forces on stock returns in different countries. This study used some macroeconomic variables to explain the stock returns in US stock markets. The authors found that changes in risk premiums, changes in terms structure, and industrial production are positively related to the expected stock return while, both anticipated and unanticipated inflation rates were negatively related to the stock returns. The paper begins with a general introduction about the exchange rate and stock returns and also a little bit about macroeconomic variables. Section two focuses more on the literature review while Section 3 explain about data and methodology used in this study. The last section present the findings and conclusion. Problem statement Stock return volatility has become the important thing that has been given full attention in the financial sector around the world. This is because, fluctuation in macroeconomic variables will give big impact on stock return volatility, thus will affect economy stability. Poon and Tong (2010), stated that high volatility of stock return is attributable to high risk, and since most investors are risk averse, they will stay away from the market due to the uncertainty in expected returns. High market volatility will also increase unfavorable market risk premium. So, it is difficult for policy maker to reduce the stock market volatility and finally enhance economy stability. There is need to determine factors affecting stock market volatility with some evidence from past researchers indicates that exchange rate fluctuations give a big impact on stock return volatility while some others contradicting. Objectives This study is to determine the following : Whether the exchange rate volatility give an impact on Malaysia stock market volatility, If other macroeconomic variables have effect on stock market volatility in Malaysia. LITERATURE REVIEW Relationship between Exchange Rate Volatility and Stock Market Volatility There are two main theories that relate the interaction between exchange rate and stock market. First, the flow-approach models (Dornbusch and Fischer,1980 and Gavin, 1989) and the other one is stock-approach models (Branson, 1983 and Frankel,1983). Flow-approach models state that the exchange rate is mainly determined by trade flows of an economy. The models point out that, any changes in exchange rate will affect trade balance and this will give impact on the real macroeconomic variables and indirectly, it will affect stock prices. Any changes in stock price on the stock market also will affect aggregate demand through wealth, liquidity effects and exchange rate. Generally, we can say that, the reduction in stock prices will reduces wealth of local investors and further reduces the liquidity in the economy. The reduction in liquidity will lead to the reducing in interest rates which in turn induce capital outflows and in turn will causes currency appreciation. On the other side, wh en currency depreciation occurs, this condition will make local investors become more competitive, and leading to an increase in their exports and indirectly will raises stock prices. Consequently, the flow-approach model suggests a positive relationship between exchange rates and stock prices, thus will result in stock market volatility. On the other hand, stock-approach model are based on the assumption that the demand and supply of financial assets such as equities and bond will reflect the exchange rate. Stock-approach models can be differentiated into the portfolio monetary model and balance model. The portfolio balance model shows that there exist negative relationship between exchange rate and stock price and that stock prices affect exchange rates (Frankel,1983 ; Branson and Henderson,1985). The expectations of relative exchange rate volatility have a significant impact on price movements of financially held assets. Thus, stock price volatility may influence or be influenced by exchange rate volatility. For example, if Ringgit Malaysia depreciates against foreign currency (for example, the US dollar), it will increase returns of the foreign currency (US dollar). This situation will encourage local investors to move funds from domestic assets (stocks) towards US dollar assets, which is depressing stock prices. Thus, a depreciating in currency value will give negative impact on stock market returns (Adjasi and Biekpe,2005). This models also state that, individuals hold domestic and foreign assets, including currencies, while exchange rates plays the vital role of balancing the demand and supply of the assets. Increasing in the domestic stock prices leads individuals to demand more domestic assets and in order to purchase more domestic assets, local investors have to sell foreign assets since they are relatively less attractive, causing local currency appreciation. Consequently, the relationship between exchange rate and stock price is negative. The study about the relation between exchange rates and stock prices have been explored by many researchers around the world. Soenen and Hennigan (1988) proved that, there are negative correlation between these two variables, exchange rate and stock prices. However, Frank and Young (1972) found no significant relation between these two variables and Jorion (1990) found a moderate relationship between the stock returns of US multinational companies and the effective US dollar exchange rate for the period 1971 to 1987. The analysis of relation between exchange rate and stock prices in US have been made by Bahmani-Oskooee and Sohrabian (1992). Their study found that, there are no long-run relationship among these variables but a dual casual relation in the short-run. Also, Abdalla and Murinde (1997) studied about the relationship between stock price and exchange rates in the emerging financial markets in few countries such as India, Korea, Pakistan and Philippines and they found these t wo variables does not have any significant interaction in India, Korea, and Pakistan. However, in Philippines it is contrary because the reverse causation was found in that country. Besides Bahmani-Oskooee and Sohrabian, Ong and Izan (1999) and Smyth and Nandha (2003) also agreed that there is no long-run relationship between exchange rate and stock price. Relationship between other Macroeconomic Variables and Stock Market Volatility Further, this study also found that, other macroeconomic variables such as interest rate and inflation rate also effected stock market volatility. VECM (Johansen, 1998) was applied to analyze the relationship between Japanese Stock Market and exchange rate, inflation rate, money supply, real economic activity, long-term government bond rate, and call money rate (Mukherjee and Naka, 1995). Their study concluded that there existed co-integrating relation and that stock price contributed to this relation. While, study that have been made by Maysami and Koh (2000) found that changes in short and long term interest rate, inflation, money supply growth, and variation in exchange rate result in a co-integrating relation with changes in economy in Singapore and all these factors affect stock market levels in that country. In related studies, Mao and Kao (1990) revealed that, there is another issue regarding the interaction between stock prices at the macro and micro level. They also found exporting firms stock price become more sensitive to the fluctuation in foreign exchange rates. In their findings on macro level, Ma and Kao revealed that a currency value appreciation give negative impact on domestic economic market for an export-dominant country while it gives positive impact on the domestic stock market for an import-dominant country, which seems to be consistent with good market theory. 2.2.1 Interest Rate Volatility and Stock Return Volatility Chen et.al indicated that interest rate had a positive effect on stock return while Wongbangpo et al(2002) observed interest rate had a negative effect on southeast Asian countries. Rapach et.al(2005) stated that interest rate was the most reliable variable but however, Chen et.al(1998) thought interest rate does not linked to the with stock return. In addition, Jefferis and Okeahalam (2000) proved that stock market in South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Bostwana are negatively influenced by the long-term interest rate when they investigated relationship between stock prices and selected macroeconomic variables. An increase in interest rate will lead to the increase in required rate of return and then will cause the share price to decrease and increasing in interest rate also will effect opportunity costs of holding cash, and this would lead to a reducing in stock prices. French et.al(1987) concluded that the stock returns responded negatively to both the long term and short term interest rates. However, studied that have been made by Allen and Jagtianti (1997) found that the sensitivity of interest rate toward stock returns has decreased dramatically because of invention of interest rate derivatives contracts used for hedging purposes. 2.2.2 Inflation Rate Volatility and Stock Return Volatilty Inflation rate can be defined as the rate of increase of a price index and it also the percentage ratio of change in price level over time. Studies by Fama and Schwert (1977), Chen, Roll and Ross (1986), Nelson (1976) and Jaffe and Mandelker (1976) pointed out a negative correlation between inflation and stock prices. Besides that, the movement in inflation and real output have weak predictive power on volatility of stock market and return (Schwert,1989) while Yaya and Shittu (2010) in their findings stated that the previous inflation rates has significant effect on conditional stock market volatility. These result are in agreement with Fishers effect in international stock market.

Corruption Of The New Orleans Police Department - 904 Words

corruption in the New Orleans Police Department Although police officers take an oath to protect and serve citizens in our society. we have some officers that our corrupt and willing do anything just to protect themselves from being exposed from their unethical behavior. In 1994 three officers from New Orleans police department committed an unspeakable crime murder for hire and a violent drug gang. The killing of Kim grove was thirty-two years old and was gunned down by police officer that were there to protect her instead they killed her. In 1990’s the justice department said that New Orleans was the highest country with complaints of police brutality in 1994 there were than forty officers arrested for bribery, rape, bank robbery and Police corruption has been an issue for many years. Len Davis had worked for the Fifth District with officer Sammy Williams and Paul Hardy as patrolmen. Their salary at that time was $18,000 a year. Davis and his partners took thousands of dollar pleasure trips and took on a leadership role of drug racket getting under table payments to other New Orleans police department recruited to guard warehouse of cocaine (Mustian, 2014). In 1994 officer Len Davis who was thirty years’ old and was accused of conspiring with Paul hardy 27 and Damon causey 24 in the murder of Kim grove that was 32 years old. Kim groves was gunned down on Alabo street a block from her home. According to authority’s Kim grove had made a complaint to the department’sShow MoreRelatedPolice Corruption And The New Orleans Police Department1340 Words   |  6 PagesPolice Corruption in NOLA Growing up our parent always told us that police officers were the good guys, and the people that committed crimes were the bad guys. There was a time in our lives that we believed that this was true, police are good, and criminals are bad, simple as that. Police officers played a prominent role in our lives growing up, some were looked at as role models, guidance counselors, but most of all they were our friends. However, at what point did that connection dissipate betweenRead MoreHurricane Katrina And The New Orleans Police Department1412 Words   |  6 Pagesthe local police, the New Orleans Police Department (NOPD), did not do its job. A great number of people disagree with how the NOPD participated in the relief efforts and are criticized for not being ready to handle a disaster of this magnitude. The city that was affected the most by Hurricane Katrina was New Orleans, Louisiana. Governor Blanco called for state emergency in Louisiana on August 26, 2005. Then on August 29th, Mayor Nagin issued a mandatory evacuation of the City of New Orleans. The peopleRead MoreNew Orleans Police Department – Recent Challenges. Problem1173 Words   |  5 Pages New Orleans Police Department – Recent Challenges Problem Statement Even before the disaster brought on by Hurricane Katrina, the New Orleans Police Department had serious organizational and reporting issues. According to the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division (2011), several patterns were clearly discoverable in the organization, including the excessive use of force, under-reporting of internal issues, discriminatory policing, and the number of misconduct complaints wereRead MoreOrganizational Theory671 Words   |  3 PagesSouthern University at New Orleans Abstract I will discuss the basis of an organizational theory as it applies to the criminal justice system. I am discussing and giving a clear understanding of the criminal justice system as an organization of a bureaucratic management system with hierarchies and processes of inputs, processes, and outputs within one aspect of the criminal justice system i.e. police, within one city. I will also discuss how New Orleans Police Department was created throughoutRead MorePolice Misconduct On The Street Still Continue Throughout The Community865 Words   |  4 Pagesmany of reasons why it is difficult for the police to have interaction with the citizens of the community. One reason the community do not trust the police is because of racial profiling. Racial profiling has been going on for years and now the community is getting tired of it. An example of racial profiling is a group of black teenagers being pulled over because of the kind of car they are driving. Along with this act and many of ot her police corruption acts has caused the community to question themselvesRead MoreThe Three Views of Conflict: How Criminal Justice Agencies Function in the Midst of Conflict1115 Words   |  5 Pagesshould be avoided. When there is poor communication in a group or a lack of openness, the end result is conflict among the members of the group. For example, a new officer is transferred from a patrol into the tactical unit, as the patrol finger print technician. Another officer that’s in the same squad takes an immediate dislike to the new officer. She sabotages the officer’s work and constantly startS arguments with her and other officers in the unit. This conflict is counterproductive, becauseRead MorePolice Corruption: Time to Get Rid of Crooked Cops Essay1653 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Police throughout the United States have been caught fabricating, planting, and manipulating evidence to obtain convictions where cases would otherwise be very weak. Some authorities regard police perjury as so rampant that it can be considered a subcultural norm rather than an individual aberration of police officers. Large-scale investigations of police units in almost every major American city have documented massive evidence of tampering, abuse of the arresting power, and discriminatory enforcementRead More Police and G ratuities: The Slippery Slope Essay1131 Words   |  5 Pagesfor a police officer? What is acceptable and what is not acceptable? If a police officer takes a free cup of coffee or a half priced meal does that make him vulnerable to take more. Does that act make the officer a bad officer or a corrupt officer? Does the person giving the gratuity expect something in return or is it just a gesture for the work the officer is doing? Almost every police department has a policy on the acceptance of gifts and gratuities for the officers and the department. SomeRead MoreCrime And Its Effects On The Economy1244 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasingly hard to break the cycle of crime throughout the following generations. The media has also contributed to the glorification of crime and violent behavior. While some blame high crime rates on the economy, others blame it on ineffective and lazy police officers and lack of government support in low income communities. Jails and prisons are starting to become full at an alarming rate and cities are turning into war zones instead of safe places where people can raise a family and get a decent educationRead MoreEssay on Police Brutality and Corruption681 Words   |  3 PagesPolice Brutality and Corruption Corruption in policing is viewed as the misuse of authority by a police officer acting officially to fulfill his/her personal needs or wants. There are two distinct elements of corruption; 1) misuse of authority, 2) personal attainment. The occupational subculture of policing is a major factor in both creating police corruption, by initiating officers into corrupt activities, and sustaining it, by covering up corrupt activities by other officers. Police corruption

Learning From Home For A Student - 1404 Words

When evaluating the education system, a student has to be able to pass certain tasks and standards in each subject. The public school system and homeschooling have requirements to further the knowledge of a student to their potential in academics and joining extracurricular activities. Learning from home for a student allows parents to â€Å"understand and provide the best education† based upon how he or she learns (Brown). The education level of the parent should be also considered if they are qualified to teach. However, research has been found that this does not affect the results as students â€Å"do just as well on standardized assessments†(Brown). Clearing the misunderstandings, parents are able to highlight areas their child is lacking and†¦show more content†¦The question is, how does a homeschooled student get involved in such activities? A school board in Massachusetts has been discussing a way for these not enrolled students to get involved. They hop e to raise awareness of the â€Å"importance of extracurricular activities† as it is an opportunity for a student to put it on their college application and â€Å"to learn and to participate†(Burke). Meanwhile, enrolled students’ parents are upset by this matter that â€Å"public school students are displaced† by students â€Å"from the outside† and relate the unfairness of the advantages they hold (Burke). Every student no matter what type of education they receive should be given the same opportunities. It is understandable that the parents have every right to be upset as all parents have the same obligation of providing their child the best to their ability. Although there are mixed reactions of how homeschooling operates its educational purposes, these students are hardworking and only hope to finish their schooling to prepare themselves for college or career like any other student in a public system. In addition, it is during this time in a ch ild’s life where they are exposed to a socially interactive environment. They will discover new situations and their reaction to those around them affect their view of school. In other words, the child may feel emotionally insecure to those around them or more open to others and attempt to conform to what public school offers. Sometimes

Daniel free essay sample

The boy fell into a large hole dug by Mr. Howe in preparation for a tree that had been ordered. The boy broke his arm in the fall. At the hospital a doctor employed there for four years treated the boy. The doctor did not set the boy’s arm because he failed to see on the x-ray and indication that the arm was broken. The arm healed improperly. When the boy kept complaining, his parents took him to the family doctor that discovered the break. The boy had his arm re-broken so that it could be set properly. On these facts, discuss the following: a) Was the boy a trespasser? If so, does this mean that the owner of the land did not owe the boy a duty of care? A legal definition of â€Å"trespasser† is â€Å"one who intentionally and without consent or privilege enters another’s property†. (Black’s Law Dictionary). He likes to talk a lot, but he talks ever so quietly. I just found out recently at my grandpas wedding that Daniel is actually a very intelligent man. He is well educated in history. I found this out when he was talking to an older couple about World War I and II. They carried out a long conversation about history, but Daniel was drinking Jack Daniels and at the time I thought he was just loopy. Drinking has always been a problem in my familys history, but it does what it does. He is a very strange person. My family thinks hes a nut job that needs to be put in an institution. One time at a family reunion, he had his friends drive by the house where we were at and they helped him out of the car in straight jacket. He was also strapped in a cart. When he was helped out of the cart, he left his straight jacket on the entire family reunion. That is why everyone in my entire family thinks he is psycho. His favorite thing to do is to scare my little brother Dylan. Dylan always has to say something to get into trouble. So Daniel will talk about how he will hurt Dylan or how Dylan is going to get killed. I have no clue why he acts the way he does, but I bet my money that its Dylans fault. That is basically why I like my cousin Daniel. He doesnt care what other people will think of him. He likes to make a big scene no matter the place. I like that he scares Dylan a lot. Dylan never will talk to him again.

Community Involvement in Liquor Licensing †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Community Involvement in Liquor Licensing. Answer: Introduction: The problem of alcohol-related violence has been at the forefront of agenda in NSW for several years. To align and advocate the law of the NSW government, the local councils create and implement the policies in relation to minimize negative effect of alcohol and alcohol-related issues through the regulation, supervision, and enforcement of distribution of Liquor and Game Machine (LGN, 2013). Therefore, councils and polices are involved with the action to provide consistency among areas of health, social impact, as well as enforcement. While Liquor Act 2007 restricts and regulates the supplies, consumption as well as the sales of alcohol (Department of Industry, 2017), Gaming Machines Act 2001 controls and manages gambling (NSW Legislation, 2017). Both acts were legislated to minimize harm associated with anti-social behavior, and with a goal to ensure all the gaming and liquor related legislation are dealt and decided with efficiency (Department of Industry, 2017). Moreover, they enc ourage responsible liquor and gaming practices to promote amenity of community life (Department of Industry, 2017). In order to achieve its objectives, some of the key elements are addressed, such as licensing requirement, education, liquor accords, treatment of minors, and penalty. While some of the elements are successfully implemented, others are not effective and needed to be modified. To define the effectiveness of these elements, analysis and outcome of these five elements will be addressed. In order to implement the key elements the first being of licensing for Liquor Act 2007, there are six types of liquor licenses which exist in NSW. Most of the licenses have the requirement of being accompanied by a Community Impact Statement (Trifonoff, Andrew, Steenson, Nicholas Roche, 2010). The first being Club License this license is granted only to clubs which have been registered under the Registered Clubs Act 1976. It is allowed to the club under this license to sell for consumption alcohol on and off the premises of the club to their guests and members. Under the Liquor Act 2007 since it was a club that held the club license it as referred to as a corporate license. There had to be a separate license for each of the clubs premises if they occupied more than one set of premises under the Liquor Act 2007. A community impact statement is required for a club license. Another type of license is the Hotel (Including General Bar License) which allows alcohol to be served to general public. However under the Act there are various regulatory controls that are applicable on the hotel license, the first being that it has to be the public to which it is open to and not a private club, the second being that whenever alcohol is served free drinking water has to be given; third being the requirement being of a sign that indicated premise name, liquor license type and licensee name. The fourth being the requirement of an incidents register if the trade of premise continued past midnight and the fifth being that conditions could either be imposed under the LA 2007 or the CLGCA or Director-General, Communities NSW. A limited type of hotel license was the General Bar License, which allowed on premise sale but no take aways. This license also requires a community impact statement. Limited License this allowed sale of alcohol for consumption only in the premises in functions held by not for profit organizations as well as trade fairs and special events. There is no community impact statement required under this license. Another type of license is On-premise License this license can be tailored for business activities of one or more types which include entertainment venue, restaurant, function center, motel and such other such settings where there is consumption of alcohol on the premises. Though this license also requires a community impact statement but only when it's a venue for public entertainment. Packaged Liquor License is another type of license applicable on internet operators who are selling alcohol and liquor stores. This also requires a community impact statement. The final type of license if Producer/Wholesaler License this type of license is for distiller, winemaker, brewer and wholesaler. There is no requirement for community impact statement for this. The Independent Liquor and Gaming Authority with the help of the community impact statement is made aware of the impact that is had by granting of application in a local community. There was study that was commissioned by OLGR in the early 2012 by the Allen Consulting Group (Allen Consulting Group, 2012) into the number of licensed premises cumulative impact particularly with respect to the density of license. As there has been a considerable increase in the licensed premises. In application of license it is important for the authority to be considering the social where the density of license plays a prominent role. Though there have been several studies which have been conducted indicating that higher density of license indicate higher social harm (Stockwell et al., 2005). There are others who do not find any association between two. Allen Group findings were mixed, not entirely successful or unsuccessful when it came to this, the density of license increase was not the only cause of the negative social impacts. Though there was a relationship between violence related to alcohol and density there were various other factors that contributed to it as well (Oxlan d Roulston, 2012). The increase in Liquor License can be observed in a better manner from the image below, it can be observed that there was not a very drastic and thus cannot be stated to be a complete sucess. The liquor law liberalization has made it easier for attaining in NSW the liquor license, thereby enabling that the licensee are able to promote, supply and sell liquor in NSW in a more free manner ("Breaking down barriers Community involvement in liquor licensing decisions in NSW", 2013). As already discussed above there has been a staggering increase in the number of liquor license application and approval in NSW. The Liquor Act 2007 requires responsible service of Alcohol under section 99(2)(c). Meaning thereby education is important for the managers, licensees and other person which include crowd controllers, bar staff and volunteers and they are required to complete RSA training course and hold an RSA certificate ("NSW GOVERNMENT RESPONSE TO THE STATUTORY REVIEW OF THE LIQUOR ACT 2007 AND THE GAMING AND LIQUOR ADMINISTRATION ACT 2007", 2014). The premises are required to keep a register of all the RSA certified employees. This is to be made available to the OLGR inspector or the police officer as and when requested. The Liquor Act 2007 further strengthened the harm minimization aspect of RSA training. It has been made mandatory in NSW to have an RSA training and licensees who employe staff. The penalization for not having employees who are RSA certified is one of the highest which ensures compliance. It has become mandatory in NSW to have RSA training for those who are involved in the suppl y and sale of liquor in public, thus making its implementation more successful (Pratten, 2007). In 2010 the Liquor Act 2007 was amended to include Precinct Liquor Accords and Community Event Liquor Accords. It forms a part of the NSW Governments initiative of hassle free nights as a plan for reducing comprehensively anti-social drunken behavior and alcohol related crime in five primary districts of entertainment in NSW, Manly Sydney Central Business District, Newcastle-Hamilton and Wollongong. The reason for identifying these precincts was because there were significant issues with liquor licensing. By way of accords a wide range of stakeholders are brought together in an attempt to reduce violence related to alcohol and encouraging a safer environment. The impact of this is however successful. There is sufficient evidence of the effectiveness of the strategy of accords in reducing the consumption of alcohol (Trifonoff Nicholas 2008). A general prohibition exists on the supply of liquor to minors below the age of 18 years under the Liquor Act 2007 in a licensed venue. It also in most instances cover private settings as well. For instance there is no specific regulation on parental or adult guidance for minors who are served alcohol in private premises (Weitzman, Folkman, Kerry Lemieux Folkman Wechsler, 2003). As observed below there has been a general reduction in the number of children who have consumed alcohol from 1987 to 2014, indicating that this implementation has been more successful. The Act has become an important driver of change, the government under the Act regulated the supply and sale of liquor. Part 9A sets up a system whereby repeat offenders are put on a path towards disciplinary action. That disciplinary action may include having restrictive special conditions placed upon the licence, disqualification of the licensee, suspension of the licence or even cancellation of the licence. However escalating penalties are required, it is essential to apply penalties for acts such as those involving minors to include cancellation and suspension of liquor license to offence with under Liquor Act 2007 section 117(1). The Gaming and Machines Act 2001 introduced the licensing system for industry participants of the gaming machine industry. This ensured that the persons who were involved in the testing, manufacturing, servicing and supply of gaming machines comply and/or meet with the specified conduct and integrity standards. Sanctions were provided under it for participants who do not meet such standards. This ensures that there is a public record of the venue and persons who have been authorized. In NSW the gaming machine industry is accustomed to licensing (Breen, Hing, Gordon Buultjens, 2012). This allows more effective action which can be taken in case of performance that are inappropriate or if the standards are not met.The approval and application process is streamlined by the integration of the previous two legislations into one Act. It is essential to have a licensing system for ensuring that the legislation's objectives are met. The licensing system benefits the community as a whole and has been quite successful. It is however important that the existing processes around occupational licensing in the environment of gaming machine needs continuous examination with a purpose of streamlining so that the system can be made more administrative. The below Figure shows a considerable decrease in the gaming machine industry since 2009. There are restrictions under the Act that require the venue to provide information to the gambling patrons regarding help-line sources and gaming machine play (van der Maas, 2016). This is done to ensure that there is minimization of harm related to gambling in the community and to the individual's (National Competition Policy, 2003). An informed choice can be made by the consumer on gambling related decision which may moderate gambling behavior that is at risk (National Competition Council, 2000). The concept of making an informed choice is essential for gamblers who are likely to become potential risk. This restriction is essential for minimization of gaming machines related social harms. This aspect of the legislation is providing with net public benefit and has been sucessful. The Act prohibits the involvement of minors in gambling. There is also a limitation that is given under the act with respect to the exposure of minors to those parts of licensed venues where activities related to gaming machine occur (Shaffer Hall, 1996). The opportunity to make profit are denied to hotels and clubs from usage of gaming machines by minors. The capacity to employ minors in operation of gaming machines are denied to hotels and clubs and therefore may lead to labor cost that is considerably higher. This thus minimizes or avoids harm to minor that are related to gambling.This aspect of the legislation is another which is providing with net public benefit and has been sucessful. Conclusively it can be stated that there implementation of these five elements have been made possible by the Liquor Act 2007 and the Gaming Machines Act 2001. However, the implementation may vary for each essential element to another and so would the outcome. Though the society overall benefits from such implementations. References Allen Consulting Group. (2012). Report to the NSW Office of Liquor Gaming Racing. Breaking down barriers Community involvement in liquor licensing decisions in NSW. (2013). Fare.Org. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.fare.org.au/wp-content/uploads/research/Breaking-Down-Barriers-FINAL.pdf Breen, H., Hing, N., Gordon, A., Buultjens, J. (2012). Meanings of Aboriginal gambling across New South Wales, Australia. International Gambling Studies, 12(2), 243-256. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2012.664158 Local Impact Assessment Review. (2017). Retrieved 29 July 2017, from https://www.liquorandgaming.nsw.gov.au/Documents/public-consultation/Local%20Impact%20Assessment%20Review%20Discussion%20Paper.pdf National Competition Council. (2000). Regulating gambling activity; issues in assessing compliance with National Competition Policy. Melbourne. National Competition Policy. (2003). Review of the NSW Gaming Machines Act 2001. NSW GOVERNMENT RESPONSE TO THE STATUTORY REVIEW OF THE LIQUOR ACT 2007 AND THE GAMING AND LIQUOR ADMINISTRATION ACT 2007. (2014). https://www.liquorandgaming.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 29 July 2017, from https://www.liquorandgaming.nsw.gov.au/Documents/liquor/law-and-policy/GovernmentResponse_StatutoryReview_LA_GALAA.pdf Oxland, J., Roulston, R. (2012). Principles of criminal law in New South Wales. Sydney: Butterworths. Pratten, J. (2007). Responsible Alcohol Service: Ethics and the Licensee. The Service Industries Journal, 27(5), 605-616. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02642060701411765 Responsible Service of Alcohol. (2015). liquorandgaming.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.liquorandgaming.nsw.gov.au/Documents/liquor/serving-alcohol-responsibly/rsa_classroom_course.pdf Shaffer, H., Hall, M. (1996). Estimating the prevalence of adolescent gambling disorders: A quantitative synthesis and guide toward standard gambling nomenclature. Journal Of Gambling Studies, 12(2), 193-214. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01539174 Stockwell, T., Young, K., White, J., Humeniuk, R., Young, K., Young, K. et al. (2005). Alcohol misuse and violence. [Canberra]: Australian Government Publishing Service. Trifonoff, A., Andrew, R., Steenson, T., Nicholas, R., Roche, A. (2010). An examination of Liquor Licensing Legislation in Australia as at December 2010. Adelaid: National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction. Trifonoff, A., Nicholas, R. (2008). A compendium of alcohol and other drug-related resources for law enforcement in Australia. Hobart, Tas.: National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund. van der Maas, M. (2016). Problem gambling, anxiety and poverty: an examination of the relationship between poor mental health and gambling problems across socio-economic status. International Gambling Studies, 16(2), 281-295. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2016.1172651 Weitzman, E., Folkman, A., Kerry Lemieux Folkman, M., Wechsler, H. (2003). The relationship of alcohol outlet density to heavy and frequent drinking and drinking-related problems among college students at eight universities. Health Place, 9(1), 1-6. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-8292(02)00014-x